Egyptian civilization

The history of Egypt is considered one of the longest and richest in the world. The country is renowned for the ancient Nile River, its fertile lands for agriculture, and the vast Nile Delta. Early education and the unique culture of Egypt's inhabitants made it a center of global fascination. must of its ancient history was cloaked in mystery until the Rosetta Stone enabled the deciphering of Egyptian hieroglyphics.One of the Seven Wonders of the World, the Great Pyramid of Giza, is located in Egypt. Additionally, the ancient Library of Alexandria was an unparalleled center of knowledge at the time. Human settlement in Egypt dates back to at least 6000 BC in the Nile Valley. In 3150 BC, under King Narmer of the First Dynasty, Upper and Lower Egypt were unified into a single kingdom. Native Egyptian rule persisted until the Achaemenid Empire's invasion in the 16th century BC. In 332 BC, Alexander the Great conquered Egypt, establishing the Hellenistic Ptolemaic dynasty, with Ptolemy I Soter as its first ruler. Internal conflicts led to the dynasty's collapse and paved the way for Roman rule. Following Cleopatra’s death, Egypt became a Roman province in 30 BC. Roman rule in Egypt lasted until 641 AD, briefly interrupted by Sasanian rule (619–629). Muslim rule began with the conquest of Egypt by General Amr ibn al-As during the Caliphate of Umar in 641 CE. The new capital, Fustat, was founded, and the Mosque of Amr ibn al-As was constructed. Egypt was subsequently ruled by various Islamic caliphates and sultanates, including the Rashidun, Umayyad, Abbasid, Fatimid, Ayyubid, and Mamluk Sultanates, before falling under Ottoman rule in 1517. By 1867, Egypt had become an autonomous tributary state under the Ottomans, with brief French occupation from 1798 to 1801. In 1882, Egypt came under British control following the Anglo-Egyptian War. After World War I and the 1919 revolution, the Muhammad Ali dynasty declared the Kingdom of Egypt. However, British influence persisted until the 1954 Anglo-Egyptian Treaty. The modern Republic of Egypt was established in 1953. In 1956, British troops withdrew after the Suez Crisis. Gamal Abdel Nasser, president from 1956 to 1970, initiated significant reforms, formed the short-lived United Arab Republic with Syria, and contributed to the Non-Aligned Movement and the establishment of the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO). Nasser's successor, Anwar Sadat (1970–1981), introduced economic and political reforms, initiated the Infitah policy, and led Egypt during the Yom Kippur War in 1973 to reclaim the Sinai Peninsula. He later signed the Egypt-Israel Peace Treaty, earning a Nobel Peace Prize alongside Israeli Prime Minister Menachem Begin.As a result, Egypt regained the Sinai Peninsula. In modern history, the 2011 Egyptian Revolution marked the end of Hosni Mubarak's 30-year rule and led to the election of Mohamed Morsi, Egypt's first democratically elected president. In his tenure, Morsi emphasized international treaty obligations, support for Palestine, and strengthening relations with Iran while addressing regional conflicts, including the Syrian Civil War.